1. What is the process by which cells extract energy from organic molecules in order to power cellular processes?
2. How do cells maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment?
3. What is the role of DNA in the cell, and how does it control protein synthesis?
4. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
5. What are the three main types of RNA, and what are their functions in the cell?
6. How does the immune system recognize and respond to foreign substances in the body?
7. What are the different stages of cell division, and what occurs during each stage?
8. What are the different types of biomolecules, and what are their functions in the cell?
9. How do hormones work to regulate various bodily functions?
10. What is the process by which cells communicate with each other, and how does this communication affect cellular behavior?
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Answer:
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Explanation:
1. The process by which cells extract energy from organic molecules is called cellular respiration. This process occurs in the mitochondria and involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to produce ATP, the primary source of energy for cellular processes.
2. Cells maintain homeostasis by regulating their internal environment through a variety of mechanisms. These include the selective transport of molecules across the cell membrane, the production of enzymes and other molecules to maintain pH and other chemical balances, and the generation of heat and other forms of energy to support cellular processes.
3. DNA is the genetic material of the cell, and it contains the instructions for making proteins and other molecules. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins by the ribosomes. These proteins carry out the various functions of the cell, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
4. The cell membrane is a thin, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and separates its internal environment from the external environment. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and contains proteins that serve various functions, including transport, signaling, and cell recognition.
5. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. rRNA is a component of the ribosomes and plays a role in protein synthesis.
6. The immune system recognizes and responds to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, through a variety of mechanisms. These include the production of antibodies by B cells, the activation of T cells to kill infected cells, and the activation of phagocytes to engulf and destroy foreign invaders.
7. Cell division occurs in two stages: interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the preparatory stage, during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA. Mitosis is the stage of cell division itself, during which the cell's nucleus and cytoplasm divide to form two daughter cells.
8. Biomolecules are the molecules that make up living organisms, such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. These molecules perform a wide range of functions in the cell, including providing energy, storing information, and carrying out chemical reactions.
9. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by glands in the endocrine system and are released into the bloodstream. Hormones travel to target cells and bind to specific receptors, triggering a response that regulates various bodily functions, such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
10. Cells communicate with each other through a variety of mechanisms, including direct contact, chemical signaling, and electrical signaling. This communication can affect cellular behavior, such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.