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1. That makes the atoms, and your socks, stick together—in other words, it creates static cling. When you pull your socks apart after a spin in the dryer, the crackling static electricity comes from the sticky surface electrons being yanked away from each other.
When you dry clothes in the dryer, different fabrics rub together, and electrons from a cotton sock (for instance) may rub off onto a polyester shirt. That's why clothes sometimes stick together and make sparks when you pull them apart.
2. When you drag your feet across the carpet, extra charge is scraped off the rug and collects on your body. When you touch a doorknob, all the charge wants to leave you and go to the doorknob. You see a spark and get a shock as the electrons leave you. Lightning is the result of static electricity.
3. Because plastic is an insulator, the electrons cannot flow through it so they effectively get stuck there - they are static.
In a metal, the electrons would get conducted away (e.g. back to the material they have come from).