Give the meaning of each of these terms and use it in a sentence.
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Give the meaning of each of these terms and use it in a sentence.
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1. Bond Energy: This is the amount of energy needed to break a chemical bond between two atoms. "The bond energy of a carbon-hydrogen bond is approximately 99 kcal/mol."
2. Brittle: A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. "The glass was so brittle that it shattered into pieces when it fell on the floor."
3. Covalent Bond: A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. "Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms."
4. Double Bond: A chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. "The oxygen molecule, O2, consists of two oxygen atoms connected by a double bond."
5. Ductility: This is the property of a material that allows it to be drawn out into a wire. "Gold, known for its ductility, is often drawn into fine wires for use in jewelry."
6. Electronegativity: This is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. "Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements on the periodic table."
7. Ionic Bond: A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. "Sodium chloride, or table salt, is held together by ionic bonds."
8. Malleability: This is the property of a material that allows it to be reshaped under compressive stress. "Gold is highly malleable and can be hammered into extremely thin sheets."
9. Polar Covalent Bond: A type of covalent bond where the electrons are unevenly distributed, resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative regions. "In a water molecule, the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms is a polar covalent bond."
10. Valence Electron: The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in forming bonds with other atoms. "In a carbon atom, there are four valence electrons available for bonding."
11. Ground State: The lowest energy state of an atom or other particle. "When an electron is in its ground state, it is at its lowest energy level."
12. Excited State: A state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state. "When an electron absorbs energy, it moves to an excited state."