What are the characteristics of a group according to Joseph Fitchner? Pahelp po thank you in advanceee :))
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What are the characteristics of a group according to Joseph Fitchner? Pahelp po thank you in advanceee :))
What are the characteristics of a group according to Joseph Fitchner? Pahelp po thank you in advanceee :))
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Explanation:
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Answer:
3.2 Ethical and socio-economic
concepts and principles
When a country emits GHGs, its emissions cause harm around the
globe. The country itself suffers only a part of the harm it causes. It is
therefore rarely in the interests of a single country to reduce its own
emissions, even though a reduction in global emissions could benefit
every country. That is to say, the problem of climate change is a “tragedy of the commons” (Hardin, 1968). Effective mitigation of climate
change will not be achieved if each person or country acts independently in its own interest.
Consequently, efforts are continuing to reach effective international
agreement on mitigation. They raise an ethical question that is widely
recognized and much debated, namely, ‘burden-sharing’ or ‘effortsharing’. How should the burden of mitigating climate change be
divided among countries? It raises difficult issues of justice, fairness,
and rights, all of which lie within the sphere of ethics.
Burden-sharing is only one of the ethical questions that climate change
raises.1
Another is the question of how much overall mitigation should
1 A survey of the ethics of climate change is Gardiner (2004), pp. 555–600.
Box 3.1 | Dangerous interference with the climate system
Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change states that “the ultimate objective of the Convention
[…] is to achieve […] stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Judging
whether our interference in the climate system is dangerous, i.e.,
risks causing a very bad outcome, involves two tasks: estimating the physical consequences of our interference and their
likelihood; and assessing their significance for people. The first
falls to science, but, as the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report (AR4) states, “Determining what constitutes
‘dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’
in relation to Article 2 of the UNFCCC involves value judgements”
(IPCC, 2007, p. 42). Value judgements are governed by the theory
of value. In particular, valuing risk is covered by decision theory
and is dealt with in Chapter 2. Central questions of value that
come within the scope of ethics, as well as economic methods for
measuring certain values are examined in this chapter.
215
Social, Economic, and Ethical Concepts and Methods
3
Chapter 3
take place. UNFCCC sets the aim of “avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”, and judging what is dangerous is partly a task for ethics (see Box 3.1). Besides justice, fairness,
and rights, a central concern of ethics is value. Judgements of value
underlie the question of what interference with the climate system
would be dangerous.
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