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What did Darwin's travels reveal to him about the number and varieties of living species?
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There were lots of species and they were very variable. As a matter of fact, he already knew that prior to his travels.
As darwin(g) duck traveled through the Galapagoes (whatever) he noticed the different beak sizes of the finches (Darwins finches). He was the one to figure out that it was due to the available resources that caused an evolution in the birds. He originally thought these birds were different but later realized that "wait these birds aren't that different from the birds in the island just a few hundred miles away" He then figured that the environmental conditions had caused an evolution to the birds
This can result in a number of species that emerged from just one species giving us a larger number just because enviormental conditions were a bit different (large seeds, insects only food souces, deep soil insects, ect...)